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Multimodal Influence of Estrogen upon Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons

Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom

I. Introduction

II. Effects of Estrogen on GnRH Neurons

A. Sexual differentiation

B. Biosynthesis of GnRH

C. Biosynthesis of galanin

D. Electrical activity of GnRH neurons

E. GnRH secretion

F. GnRH degradation

G. Ultrastructural changes involving GnRH neurons

H. Summary of estrogen’s influence on GnRH cells

III. Brain Sites of Estrogen Influence on GnRH Neurons

A. Sites of estrogen’s stimulatory sites

B. Sites of estrogen’s inhibitory action

C. Summary

IV. Pathways for Estrogen Regulation of GnRH Neurons

A. Direct regulation of GnRH neurons

B. Estrogen-receptive neurons as intermediaries

C. Glial cells as intermediaries

D. Summary

V. Model of Estrogen Action on GnRH Neurons

VI. Concluding Remarks