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Breast and Prostate Cancer: An Analysis of Common Epidemiological, Genetic, and Biochemical Features¹

Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (C.L.-O.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo 33006, Oviedo, Spain; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5 and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto (E.P.D.), Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada

I. Introduction

II. Epidemiological Evidence Associating Breast and Prostate Cancer

III. Incidence of Breast and Prostate Cancer in Different Countries: Dietary Factors

IV. Genetic Abnormalities Common to Breast and Prostate Cancer

A. AR alterations in prostate cancer

B. AR alterations in breast cancer

C. BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations in breast cancer

D. BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations in prostate cancer

E. Other genes associated with breast or prostate cancer

V. Common Biochemical Features of Breast and Prostate Cancer

A. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

B. Apolipoprotein D (apoD)

C. Zn-₂-gp

D. Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15

E. Pepsinogen C

F. Other proteins

VI. Growth Factors in Breast and Prostate Cancer

A. AIGF

B. KGF

VII. Theories of Breast and Prostate Cancer Development: Role of Steroid Hormones

VIII. Conclusions