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Sex Steroid Treatment of Constitutionally Tall Stature¹

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands

I. Introduction

II. Normal vs. Extremes of Growth

A. Defining CTS

B. Endocrinology of CTS

III. Endocrinology of Bone Growth and Maturation

IV. Sex Steroid Action on Bone Growth and Maturation

V. Height Prediction

A. Skeletal maturity or BA

B. Computed assisted skeletal age-scoring systems

C. Accuracy of height prediction

D. New prediction equations in constitutionally tall children

VI. Treatment of CTS: General Concepts

VII. Treatment of Constitutionally Tall Boys

A. T treatment modalities

B. Height reduction

C. Effects on gonadal function

D. Other clinical effects

VIII. Estrogen Treatment in Tall Girls

A. Estrogen treatment modalities

B. Height reduction

C. Effects on gonadal function

D. Other adverse effects

IX. Alternative Treatment Modalities and Future Research

X. Conclusions and Recommendations