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The Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in Hormonal Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation¹

The Albert Einstein Cancer Center (R.G.P., C.A., A.T.R., R.J.L.), Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology (J.E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; and Center for Molecular Medicine (A.A.), and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030

I. Introduction

II. Regulation of the Cell Cycle G₁ Phase

A. The cyclins

B. The Cdk-inhibitory proteins

C. Regulation of transcription by cell cycle-control proteins

III. Endocrine Regulation of Cyclin and Cdk-Regulatory Proteins

A. Single-transmembrane segment receptors

B. Seven-transmembrane receptors

C. Steroid hormones

D. Intracellular second messengers

IV. Cyclins and CKIs in Endocrine Tumors

A. Parathyroid adenomas

B. Thyroid cancer

C. Pituitary tumors

D. Adrenal tumors

E. Ovarian and testicular cancer

F. Mechanisms of oncogenic transformation by cyclin D1

G. CKIs in treatment of endocrine disease

V. Transcription Factors Regulating the Cell Cycle

VI. Conclusion