| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Section on Steroid Regulation, Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510
Correspondence: Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Charles A. Strott, M.D., Building 49, Room 6A36, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510. E-mail: chastro{at}mail.nih.gov
The sulfonation of endogenous molecules is a pervasive biological phenomenon that is not always easily understood, and although it is increasingly recognized as a function of fundamental importance, there remain areas in which significant cognizance is still lacking or at most minimal. This is particularly true in the field of endocrinology, in which the sulfoconjugation of hormones is a widespread occurrence that is only partially, if at all, appreciated. In the realm of steroid/sterol sulfoconjugation, the discovery of a novel gene that utilizes an alternative exon 1 to encode for two sulfotransferase isoforms, one of which sulfonates cholesterol and the other pregnenolone, has been an important advance. This is significant because cholesterol sulfate plays a crucial role in physiological systems such as keratinocyte differentiation and development of the skin barrier, and pregnenolone sulfate is now acknowledged as an important neurosteroid. The sulfonation of thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones has been extensively investigated and, although this transformation is better understood, there remain areas of incomplete comprehension. The sulfonation of catecholamines is a prevalent modification that has been extensively studied but, unfortunately, remains poorly understood. The sulfonation of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, especially LH and TSH, does not affect binding to their cognate receptors; however, sulfonation does play an important role in their plasma clearance, which indirectly has a significant effect on biological activity. On the other hand, the sulfonation of distinct neuroendocrine peptides does have a profound influence on receptor binding and, thus, a direct effect on biological activity. The sulfonation of specific extracellular structures plays an essential role in the binding and signaling of a large family of extracellular growth factors. In summary, sulfonation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification of hormones and extracellular components that can lead to dramatic structural changes in affected molecules, the biological significance of which is now beginning to be appreciated.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. P. Frederick, A. T. Tafari, S.-M. Wu, L. C. Megosh, S.-T. Chiou, R. P. Irving, and J. D. York From the Cover: A role for a lithium-inhibited Golgi nucleotidase in skeletal development and sulfation PNAS, August 19, 2008; 105(33): 11605 - 11612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hoon Lee, H. Gong, S. Khadem, Y. Lu, X. Gao, S. Li, J. Zhang, and W. Xie Androgen Deprivation by Activating the Liver X Receptor Endocrinology, August 1, 2008; 149(8): 3778 - 3788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E. Savage, A. N. Tyler, X.-S. Miao, and T. C. K. Chan Identification of a Novel Glucosylsulfate Conjugate as a Metabolite of 3,4-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione (ARQ 501, {beta}-Lapachone) in Mammals Drug Metab. Dispos., April 1, 2008; 36(4): 753 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Elias, M. L. Williams, W. M. Holleran, Y. J. Jiang, and M. Schmuth Thematic review series: Skin Lipids. Pathogenesis of permeability barrier abnormalities in the ichthyoses: inherited disorders of lipid metabolism J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 697 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Alnouti and C. D. Klaassen Regulation of Sulfotransferase Enzymes by Prototypical Microsomal Enzyme Inducers in Mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2008; 324(2): 612 - 621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wide, T. Naessen, I. Sundstrom-Poromaa, and K. Eriksson Sulfonation and Sialylation of Gonadotropins in Women during the Menstrual Cycle, after Menopause, and with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4410 - 4417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Moe, E. Grindflek, and O. Doran Expression of 3{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450-c17, and sulfotransferase 2B1 proteins in liver and testis of pigs of two breeds: Relationship with adipose tissue androstenone concentration J Anim Sci, November 1, 2007; 85(11): 2924 - 2931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. T. Carroll, G. R. Dubyak, M. M. Sedensky, and P. G. Morgan Sulfated Signal from ASJ Sensory Neurons Modulates Stomatin-dependent Coordination in Caenorhabditis elegans J. Biol. Chem., November 24, 2006; 281(47): 35989 - 35996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Alnouti and C. D. Klaassen Tissue Distribution and Ontogeny of Sulfotransferase Enzymes in Mice Toxicol. Sci., October 1, 2006; 93(2): 242 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. Dawson, B. Gardiner, S. Grimmond, and D. Markovich Transcriptional profile reveals altered hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism in hyposulfatemic NaS1 null mice Physiol Genomics, September 14, 2006; 26(2): 116 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dejima, A. Seko, K. Yamashita, K. Gengyo-Ando, S. Mitani, T. Izumikawa, H. Kitagawa, K. Sugahara, S. Mizuguchi, and K. Nomura Essential Roles of 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-Phoshosulfate Synthase in Embryonic and Larval Development of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2006; 281(16): 11431 - 11440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P A Sinclair, W J Gilmore, Z Lin, Y Lou, and E J Squires Molecular cloning and regulation of porcine SULT2A1: relationship between SULT2A1 expression and sulfoconjugation of androstenone. J. Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 36(2): 301 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Goodsell The molecular perspective: estrogen sulfotransferase. Oncologist, April 1, 2006; 11(4): 418 - 419. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. J. Jiang, P. Kim, P. M. Elias, and K. R. Feingold LXR and PPAR activators stimulate cholesterol sulfotransferase type 2 isoform 1b in human keratinocytes J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 2657 - 2666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-C. Nlend, D. M. Cauvi, N. Venot, and O. Chabaud Role of Sulfated Tyrosines of Thyroglobulin in Thyroid Hormonosynthesis Endocrinology, November 1, 2005; 146(11): 4834 - 4843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. Hoffer, M. J. Hamadeh, L. Robitaille, and K. H. Norwich Human sulfate kinetics Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): R1372 - R1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Hammer, S. Subtil, P. Lux, C. Maser-Gluth, P. M. Stewart, B. Allolio, and W. Arlt No Evidence for Hepatic Conversion of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sulfate to DHEA: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3600 - 3605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Reed, A. Purohit, L. W. L. Woo, S. P. Newman, and B. V. L. Potter Steroid Sulfatase: Molecular Biology, Regulation, and Inhibition Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 171 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Pakhomova, J. Buck, and M. E. Newcomer The structures of the unique sulfotransferase retinol dehydratase with product and inhibitors provide insight into enzyme mechanism and inhibition Protein Sci., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 176 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Ebmeier and R. J. Anderson Human Thyroid Phenol Sulfotransferase Enzymes 1A1 and 1A3: Activities in Normal and Diseased Thyroid Glands, and Inhibition by Thyroid Hormones and Phytoestrogens J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5597 - 5605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Kim, J. Shigenaga, A. Moser, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold Suppression of DHEA sulfotransferase (Sult2A1) during the acute-phase response Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2004; 287(4): E731 - E738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Assem, E. G. Schuetz, M. Leggas, D. Sun, K. Yasuda, G. Reid, N. Zelcer, M. Adachi, S. Strom, R. M. Evans, et al. Interactions between Hepatic Mrp4 and Sult2a as Revealed by the Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Mrp4 Knockout Mice J. Biol. Chem., May 21, 2004; 279(21): 22250 - 22257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. F. Medzihradszky, Z. Darula, E. Perlson, M. Fainzilber, R. J. Chalkley, H. Ball, D. Greenbaum, M. Bogyo, D. R. Tyson, R. A. Bradshaw, et al. O-Sulfonation of Serine and Threonine: Mass Spectrometric Detection and Characterization of a New Posttranslational Modification in Diverse Proteins Throughout the Eukaryotes Mol. Cell. Proteomics, May 1, 2004; 3(5): 429 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kallen, J.-M. Schlaeppi, F. Bitsch, I. Delhon, and B. Fournier Crystal Structure of the Human ROR{alpha} Ligand Binding Domain in Complex with Cholesterol Sulfate at 2.2 A J. Biol. Chem., April 2, 2004; 279(14): 14033 - 14038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. V. Venkatachalam, D. E. Llanos, K. J. Karami, and V. A. Malinovskii Isolation, partial purification, and characterization of a novel petromyzonol sulfotransferase from Petromyzon marinus (lamprey) larval liver J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 486 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Echchgadda, C. S. Song, A. K. Roy, and B. Chatterjee Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfotransferase Is a Target for Transcriptional Induction by the Vitamin D Receptor Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2004; 65(3): 720 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Yanai, N. B. Javitt, Y. Higashi, H. Fuda, and C. A. Strott Expression of Cholesterol Sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) in Human Platelets Circulation, January 6, 2004; 109(1): 92 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Lee, H. Fuda, Y. C. Lee, M. Negishi, C. A. Strott, and L. C. Pedersen Crystal Structure of Human Cholesterol Sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) in the Presence of Pregnenolone and 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-Phosphate: RATIONALE FOR SPECIFICITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOTYPICAL SULT2A1 AND THE SULT2B1 ISOFORMS J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 2003; 278(45): 44593 - 44599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Wilbur, C. Tsopelas, and R. Sutton Formation of Sulfonamide Bonds Through Reaction of Dyes with Serum Proteins J. Nucl. Med., September 1, 2003; 44(9): 1540 - 1541. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Strott and Y. Higashi Cholesterol sulfate in human physiology: what's it all about? J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2003; 44(7): 1268 - 1278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Moore The Biology and Enzymology of Protein Tyrosine O-Sulfation J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 2003; 278(27): 24243 - 24246. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Endocrinology | Endocrine Reviews | J. Clin. End. & Metab. |
| Molecular Endocrinology | Recent Prog. Horm. Res. | All Endocrine Journals |
