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Endocrine Control of Body Composition in Infancy, Childhood, and Puberty

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.D.V.), Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Pediatrics (J.N.R.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (E.J.R., A.D.R.), General Clinical Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903; Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.C.L.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Division of Endocrinology (M.S.-M.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555; Department of Pediatrics (N.M.), Nemours Children’s Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32207; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.Y.B.), Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112

Correspondence: Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Johannes D. Veldhuis, M.D., Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905. E-mail: veldhuis.johannes{at}mayo.edu

Body composition exhibits marked variations across the early human lifetime. The precise physiological mechanisms that drive such developmental adaptations are difficult to establish. This clinical challenge reflects an array of potentially confounding factors, such as marked intersubject differences in tissue compartments; the incremental nature of longitudinal intrasubject variations in body composition; technical limitations in quantitating the unobserved mass of mineral, fat, water, and muscle ad seriatim; and the multifold contributions of genetic, dietary, environmental, hormonal, nutritional, and behavioral signals to physical and sexual maturation. From an endocrine perspective (reviewed here), gonadal sex steroids and GH/IGF-I constitute prime determinants of evolving body composition. The present critical review examines hormonal regulation of body composition in infancy, childhood, and puberty.

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