| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pituitary Research Unit (K-CL, GML, KKYH), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Endocrinology (KKYH), St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism (GJ), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Growth hormone (GH) plays a pivotal role in regulating body growth and development, which is modulated by sex steroids. A close interplay between estrogen and GH leads to attainment of gender-specific body composition during puberty. The physiological basis of the interaction is not well understood. Most previous studies have focused on estrogen effects on GH secretion. There is also strong evidence that estrogen modulates GH action independent of secretion. Oral but not transdermal administration of estrogen impairs the metabolic action of GH in the liver, causing a fall in IGF-I production and fat oxidation. This results in a loss of lean tissue and a gain of body fat in post-menopausal women and an impairment of GH effect in hypopituitary women on GH replacement. The negative metabolic sequelae are potentially important because of the widespread use of oral estrogen and estrogen-related compounds.
Estrogen affects GH action at the level of receptor expression and signaling. More recently, estrogen has been shown to inhibit JAK/STAT signaling by GH via the induction of SOCS-2, a protein inhibitor for cytokine signaling. This represents a novel paradigm of steroid regulation of cytokine receptors, and is likely to have significance for a diverse range of cytokine function.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Absolom, C. Eiser, L. Turner, W. Ledger, R. Ross, H. Davies, R. Coleman, B. Hancock, J. Snowden, D. Greenfield, et al. Ovarian failure following cancer treatment: current management and quality of life Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2008; 23(11): 2506 - 2512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. E. Govoni, J. E. Wergedal, R. B. Chadwick, A. K. Srivastava, and S. Mohan Prepubertal OVX increases IGF-I expression and bone accretion in C57BL/6J mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2008; 295(5): E1172 - E1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Tanimoto, N. Hizuka, I. Fukuda, K. Takano, and T. Hanafusa The influence of age on the GH-IGF1 axis in patients with acromegaly Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2008; 159(4): 375 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Bottner, J. Christoffel, and W. Wuttke Effects of long-term treatment with 8-prenylnaringenin and oral estradiol on the GH-IGF-1 axis and lipid metabolism in rats J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2008; 198(2): 395 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P. Brugts, M. B. Ranke, L. J. Hofland, K. van der Wansem, K. Weber, J. Frystyk, S. W. J. Lamberts, and J. A. M. J. L. Janssen Normal Values of Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Bioactivity in the Healthy Population: Comparison with Five Widely Used IGF-I Immunoassays J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2008; 93(7): 2539 - 2545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Generali, S. B. Fox, M. P. Brizzi, G. Allevi, S. Bonardi, S. Aguggini, M. Milani, A. Bersiga, L. Campo, R. Dionisio, et al. Down-Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3'-Kinase/AKT/Molecular Target of Rapamycin Metabolic Pathway by Primary Letrozole-Based Therapy in Human Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2008; 14(9): 2673 - 2680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A van der Klaauw, N. R Biermasz, P. M J Zelissen, A. M Pereira, E. G W M Lentjes, J. W A Smit, S. W van Thiel, J. A Romijn, and F. Roelfsema Administration route-dependent effects of estrogens on IGF-I levels during fixed GH replacement in women with hypopituitarism Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2007; 157(6): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Mauras, D. Shulman, H. Y. Hsiang, P. Balagopal, and S. Welch Metabolic Effects of Oral Versus Transdermal Estrogen in Growth Hormone-Treated Girls with Turner Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4154 - 4160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. K Davis, N. Hiramatsu, K. Hiramatsu, B. J Reading, T. Matsubara, A. Hara, C. V Sullivan, A. L Pierce, T. Hirano, and E. G. Grau Induction of Three Vitellogenins by 17beta-Estradiol with Concurrent Inhibition of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Axis in a Euryhaline Teleost, the Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) Biol Reprod, October 1, 2007; 77(4): 614 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Lawson, K. K. Miller, V. A. Mathur, M. Misra, E. Meenaghan, D. B. Herzog, and A. Klibanski Hormonal and Nutritional Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Young Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3089 - 3094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Franco, B. Andersson, L. Lonn, B.-A. Bengtsson, J. Svensson, and G. Johannsson Growth Hormone Reduces Inflammation in Postmenopausal Women with Abdominal Obesity: A 12-Month, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2644 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sjogren, K.-C. Leung, W. Kaplan, M. Gardiner-Garden, J. Gibney, and K. K. Y. Ho Growth hormone regulation of metabolic gene expression in muscle: a microarray study in hypopituitary men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E364 - E371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-C. Leung, J. Brce, N. Doyle, H. J. Lee, G. M. Leong, K. Sjogren, and K. K. Y. Ho Regulation of Growth Hormone Signaling by Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Occurs through Suppression of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2417 - 2423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Berruti, M. Tucci, A. Mosca, F. Vana, M. Ardine, L. Dogliotti, A. Angeli, and F. Bertoldo Changes in Bone Mineral Density After Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitors and Fracture Risk in Breast Cancer Patients J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2007; 25(11): 1455 - 1456. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Henriquez-Hernandez, A. Flores-Morales, R. Santana-Farre, M. Axelson, P. Nilsson, G. Norstedt, and L. Fernandez-Perez Role of Pituitary Hormones on 17{alpha}-Ethinylestradiol-Induced Cholestasis in Rat J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2007; 320(2): 695 - 705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Zhang, R. G. Mehta, D. D. Lantvit, K. T. Coschigano, J. J. Kopchick, J. E. Green, S. Hedayat, K. T. Christov, V. H. Ray, T. G. Unterman, et al. Inhibition of estrogen-independent mammary carcinogenesis by disruption of growth hormone signaling Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2007; 28(1): 143 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Zucchini, P. Pirazzoli, F. Baronio, M. Gennari, M. O. Bal, A. Balsamo, S. Gualandi, and A. Cicognani Effect on Adult Height of Pubertal Growth Hormone Retesting and Withdrawal of Therapy in Patients with Previously Diagnosed Growth Hormone Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2006; 91(11): 4271 - 4276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Turgeon, M. C. Carr, P. M. Maki, M. E. Mendelsohn, and P. M. Wise Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2006; 27(6): 575 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Toth, C. K. Sites, D. E. Matthews, and P. R. Casson Ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist reduces whole body protein turnover in women Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2006; 291(3): E483 - E490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. H. Slagter, L. J.G. Gooren, W. de Ronde, A. Soosaipillai, A. Scorilas, E. J. Giltay, M. Paliouras, and E. P. Diamandis Serum and Urine Tissue Kallikrein Concentrations in Male-to-Female Transsexuals Treated with Antiandrogens and Estrogens Clin. Chem., July 1, 2006; 52(7): 1356 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. R. Simon, M. Iwahashi, L.-J. Hu, I. Qadri, I. M. Arias, D. Ortiz, R. Dahl, and E. Sutherland Hormonal regulation of hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Abcc2) primarily involves the pattern of growth hormone secretion Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): G595 - G608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, and C. Y. Bowers Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Axes Linkages in Infancy, Childhood, and the Puberty-Adult Transition Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2006; 27(2): 101 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Mohan Riddle of Estrogen Regulation of IGF-I Action and Periosteal Bone Formation IBMS BoneKEy, February 1, 2006; 3(2): 17 - 19. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Flores-Morales, C. J. Greenhalgh, G. Norstedt, and E. Rico-Bautista Negative Regulation of Growth Hormone Receptor Signaling Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2006; 20(2): 241 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. K Gleeson and S. M Shalet GH responsiveness varies during the menstrual cycle Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 153(6): 775 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Rosenfield, N. Devine, J. J. Hunold, N. Mauras, T. Moshang Jr., and A. W. Root Salutary Effects of Combining Early Very Low-Dose Systemic Estradiol with Growth Hormone Therapy in Girls with Turner Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 6424 - 6430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Fintini, M. Alba, and R. Salvatori Influence of Estrogen Administration on the Growth Response to Growth Hormone (GH) in GH-Deficient Mice Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2005; 230(10): 715 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Mah, J. Webster, P. Jonsson, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, M. Koltowska-Haggstrom, and R. J. M. Ross Estrogen Replacement in Women of Fertile Years with Hypopituitarism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 5964 - 5969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gibney, G. Johannsson, K.-C. Leung, and K. K. Y. Ho Comparison of the Metabolic Effects of Raloxifene and Oral Estrogen in Postmenopausal and Growth Hormone-Deficient Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3897 - 3903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Seeman and G. J. Strewler Clinical and Basic Research Papers - February 2005 Selections IBMS BoneKEy, March 1, 2005; 2(3): 1 - 5. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
| Endocrinology | Endocrine Reviews | J. Clin. End. & Metab. |
| Molecular Endocrinology | Recent Prog. Horm. Res. | All Endocrine Journals |
